A Door Into Hindi: Lesson 18

1. Expressing opinions, disagreeing

2. Hopes, fears, beliefs, feelings

3. Past subjunctive / past conditional

4. More postpositions

5. Past participles as adjectives

7. Birth and death

Culture Notes

Quiz

Supplemental Materials

Devanagari Writing System

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18.4	More Postpositions

Learn these new postpositions:

X से पहले	before X
X के बाद	after X
X के बिना	without X
X के बग़ैर	without X
X के अलावा	besides X
X के बजाए	instead of X
X के ख़िलाफ़	against X

Most of these can be used with verbs as well as nouns and pronouns:

सोने से पहले	before sleeping
जाने के बाद	after going
सोचने के बिना	without thinking
मिलने के बग़ैर	without meeting
फ़िल्म देखने के अलावा	besides seeing a film
बाहर खाने के बजाए	instead of eating out

Note also the following special use of बिना and बग़ैर with verbs:

तुम्हें देखे बिना मैं नहीं रह सकता।	I can’t live without seeing you.
मुझसे मिले बग़ैर मत जाओ।	Don’t leave without meeting me.

These constructions use the perfect form of the verb in its oblique form.

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